Competencies Variations Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay

Competencies Variation between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree The difference in competencies between the associate degree and Baccalaureate degree nurse has been a topic for discussion for many years. Prior to the modern practice of nursing the sick was taken care of by non skilled persons such as sinners, saints or mothers (Fact Sheet). Modern nursing began with Florence Nightingale, but has evolved over the years to become a rich history that includes advances in education of nurses, thus forming three entry level of nursing, Diploma, Associate and Baccalaureate of nursing. This discussion will address the difference in competencies between the associate degree and Baccalaureate degree nurses. The ADN program was started to facilitate the need of nurses in the post war years. This is a two years program that teaches the nurse to provide comfort the physiologic stability and peaceful death. (Yoder 2010). This program was also seen as an ideal course for those who prefer a faster and inexpensive route of becoming a registered nurse. Even though the bedside practice of the ADN and BSN nurses are similar, the ADN nurse focuses on the practical assistance more than the theory. The difference in competencies can be seen in the extra two years required for the BSN program. These graduates are exposed to more prerequisites theory, leadership management, research and community based health courses. (Spensor 2008). They are more prepared for the ever changing heath care field because their main focus, are evidence –based practice. They are taught to think independently, use judgment, critical thinking, reasoning and decision making skills, to understand the situation at hand before providing care, and by utilizing these skill they are better able to work within interdisciplinary team and have better patient care outcome. An example of this was observed in a patient care situation on a med surgical unit, where the ADN nurse was taking care of a patient with history of uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension who was about to be discharged. His blood glucose was regularly monitored, medication was dispensed appropriately and she made sure that he was receiving the appropriate diet tray from the kitchen. However when his call light was answered by the BSN nurse she noticed that he had a packet of potato chips and some cookies on his bedside table that was open. She addressed his need, then told him that she noticed the cookies and potato chips at his bedside, which he admitted to be snacking on, and added that the cookies were sugar free and chips were not very salty and that was all he could really afford. The BSN nurse was able to address the situation at hand and was able to teach the pt that even though a packet may read sugar free did not mean it was ok to have. Since it can be loaded with carbohydrates, which break down into sugar. She then collaborated with interdisciplinary team of dietician and social services to prepare this patient for discharge, where this patient and his family were taught how to comply with his diet, by learning how read labels, choose foods, and the important of doing so. Social services ensure that he was provided with the information of community based resources in his neighborhood that will attend to his financial as well as his social needs. Even though the ADN nurse’s bedside nursing was appropriate, it was clear that the two extra years of understanding the concept behind the skills separated a nurse that use critical thinking from one that performed task. In response to the ever changing healthcare system a higher degree of nurses are sought. Therefore the nursing programs help to equip graduates to provide excellent and holistic care while encouraging them to achieve lifelong quest for knowledge and the pursuit of advance professional degree.

Second Foundation 1. Two Men and the Mule

THE MULE – It was after the fall of the First Foundation that the constructive aspects of the Mule's regime took shape. After the definite break-up at the first Galactic Empire, it was he who first presented history with a unified volume at space truly imperial in scope. The earlier commercial empire at the fallen Foundation had been diverse and loosely knit, despite the impalpable backing at the predictions of psycho-history. It was not to be compared with the tightly controlled ‘Union of Worlds' under the Mule, comprising as it did, one-tenth the volume of the Galaxy and one-fifteenth of its population. Particularly during the era of the so-called Search†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica [1] There is much more that the Encyclopedia has to say on the subject of the Mule and his Empire but almost all of it is not germane to the issue at immediate hand, and most of it is considerably too dry for our purposes in any case. Mainly, the article concerns itself at this point with the economic conditions that led to the rise of the â€Å"First Citizen of the Union† – the Mule's official title – and with the economic consequences thereof. If, at any time, the writer of the article is mildly astonished at the colossal haste with which the Mule rose from nothing to vast dominion in five years, he conceals it. If he is further surprised at the sudden cessation of expansion in favor of a five-year consolidation of territory, he hides the fact. We therefore abandon the Encyclopedia and continue on our own path for our own purposes and take up the history of the Great Interregnum – between the First and Second Galactic Empires – at the end of that five years of consolidation. Politically, the Union is quiet. Economically, it is prosperous. Few would care to exchange the peace of the Mule's steady grip for the chaos that had preceded, On the worlds that five years previously had known the Foundation, there might be a nostalgic regret, but no more. The Foundation's leaders were dead, where useless; and Converted, where useful. And of the Converted, the most useful was Han Pritcher, now lieutenant general. In the days of the Foundation, Han Pritcher had been a captain and a member of the underground Democratic Opposition. When the Foundation fell to the Mule without a fight, Pritcher fought the Mule. Until, that is, he was Converted. The Conversion was not the ordinary one brought on by the power of superior reason. Han Pritcher know that well enough. He had been changed because the Mule was a mutant with mental powers quite capable of adjusting the conditions of ordinary humans to suit himself. But that satisfied him completely. That was as it should be. The very contentment with the Conversion was a prime symptom of it, but Han Pritcher was no longer even curious about the matter. And now that he was returning from his fifth major expedition into the boundlessness of the Galaxy outside the Union, it was with something approaching artless joy that the veteran spaceman and Intelligence agent considered his approaching audience with the â€Å"First Citizen.† His hard face, gouged out of a dark, grainless wood that did not seem to be capable of smiling without cracking, didn't show it – but the outward indications were unnecessary. The Mule could see the emotions within, down to the smallest, much as an ordinary man could see the twitch of an eyebrow. Pritcher left his air car at the old vice-regal hangars and entered the palace grounds on foot as was required. He walked one mile along the arrowed highway – which was empty and silent. Pritcher knew that over the square miles of Palace grounds, there was not one guard, not one soldier, not one armed man. The Mule had need of no protection. The Mule was his own best, all-powerful protector. Pritcher's footsteps beat softly in his own cars, as the palace reared its gleaming, incredibly light and incredibly strong metallic walls before him in the daring, overblown, near-hectic arches that characterized the architecture of the Late Empire. It brooded strongly over the empty grounds, over the crowded city on the horizon. Within the palace was that one man – by himself – on whose inhuman mental attributes depended the new aristocracy, and the whole structure of the Union. The huge, smooth door swung massively open at the general's approach, and he entered. He stepped on to the wide, sweeping ramp that moved upward under him. He rose swiftly in the noiseless elevator. He stood before the small plain door of the Mule's own room in the highest glitter of the palace spires. It opened- Bail Channis was young, and Bail Channis was Unconverted. That is, in plainer language, his emotional make-up had been unadjusted by the Mule. It remained exactly as it had been formed by the original shape of its heredity and the subsequent modifications of his environment. And that satisfied him, too. At not quite thirty, he was in marvelously good odor in the capital. He was handsome and quick-witted – therefore successful in society. He was intelligent and self-possessed – therefore successful with the Mule. And he was thoroughly pleased at both successes. And now, for the first time, the Mule had summoned him to personal audience. His legs carried him down the long, glittering highway that led tautly to the sponge-aluminum spires that had been once the residence of the viceroy of Kalgan, who ruled under the old emperors; and that had been later the residence of the independent Princes of Kalgan, who ruled in their own name; and that was now the residence of the First Citizen of the Union, who ruled over an empire of his own. Channis hummed softly to himself. He did not doubt what this was all about. The Second Foundation, naturally! That all-embracing bogey, the mere consideration of which had thrown the Mule back from his policy of limitless expansion into static caution. The official term was – â€Å"consolidation.† Now there were rumors – you couldn't stop rumors. The Mule was to begin the offensive once more. The Mule had discovered the whereabouts of the Second Foundation, and would attack The Mule had come to an agreement with the Second Foundation and divided the Galaxy. The Mule had decided the Second Foundation did not exist and would take over all the Galaxy. No use listing all the varieties one heard in the anterooms. It was not even the first time such rumors had circulated. But now they seemed to have more body in them, and all the free, expansive Souls Who** thrived on war, military adventure, and political chaos and withered in times of stability and stagnant peace were joyful. Bail Channis was one of these. He did not fear the mysterious Second Foundation. For that matter, he did not fear the Mule, and boasted of it. Some, perhaps, who disapproved of one at once so young and so well-off, waited darkly for the reckoning with the gay ladies' man who employed his wit openly at the expense of the Mule's physical appearance and sequestered life. None dared join him and few dared laugh, but when nothing happened to him, his reputation rose accordingly. Channis was improvising words to the tune he was humming. Nonsense words with the recurrent refrain: â€Å"Second Foundation threatens the Nation and all of Creation.† He was at the palace. The huge, smooth door swung massively open at his approach and he entered. He stepped on to the wide, sweeping ramp that moved upward under him. He rose swiftly in the noiseless elevator. He stood before the small plain door of the Mule's own room in the highest glitter of the palace spires. It opened- The man who had no name other than the Mule, and no title other than First Citizen looked out through the one-way transparency of the wall to the light and lofty city on the horizon. In the darkening twilight, the stars were emerging, and not one but owed allegiance to him. He smiled with fleeting bitterness at the thought. The allegiance they owed was to a personality few had ever seen. He was not a man to look at, the Mule – not a man to look at without derision. Not more than one hundred and twenty pounds was stretched out into his five-foot-eight length. His limbs were bony stalks that jutted out of his scrawniness in graceless angularity. And his thin face was nearly drowned out in the prominence of a fleshy beak that thrust three inches outward. Only his eyes played false with the general farce that was the Mule. In their softness – a strange softness for the Galaxy's greatest conqueror – sadness was never entirely subdued. In the city was to be found all the gaiety of a luxurious capital on a luxurious world. He might have established his capital on the Foundation, the strongest of his now-conquered enemies, but it was far out on the very rim of the Galaxy. Kalgan, more centrally located, with a long tradition as aristocracy's playground, suited him better – strategically. But in its traditional gaiety, enhanced by unheard-of prosperity, he found no peace. They feared him and obeyed him and, perhaps, even respected him – from a goodly distance. But who could look at him without contempt? Only those he had Converted. And of what value was their artificial loyalty? It lacked flavor. He might have adopted titles, and enforced ritual and invented elaborations, but even that would have changed nothing. Better – or at least, no worse – to be simply the First Citizen – and to hide himself. There was a sudden surge of rebellion within him – strong and brutal. Not a portion of the Galaxy must be denied him, For five years he had remained silent and buried here on Kalgan because of the eternal, misty, space-ridden menace of the unseen, unheard, unknown Second Foundation. He was thirty-two. Not old – but he felt old. His body, whatever its mutant mental powers, was physically weak. Every star! Every star he could see – and every star he couldnt see. It must all be his! Revenge on all. On a humanity of which he wasn't a part. On a Galaxy in which he didn't fit. The cool, overhead warning light flickered. He could follow the progress of the man who had entered the palace, and simultaneously, as though his mutant sense had been enhanced and sensitized in the lonely twilight, he felt the wash of emotional content touch the fibers of his brain. He recognized the identity without an effort. It was Pritcher. Captain Pritcher of the one-time Foundation. The Captain Pritcher who had been ignored and passed over by the bureaucrats of that decaying government. The Captain Pritcher whose job as petty spy he had wiped out and whom he had lifted from its slime. The Captain Pritcher whom he had made first colonel and then general; whose scope of activity he had made Galaxywide. The now-General Pritcher who was, iron rebel though he began, completely loyal. And yet with all that, not loyal because of benefits gained, not loyal out of gratitude, not loyal as a fair return – but loyal only through the artifice of Conversion. The Mule was conscious of that strong unalterable surface layer of loyalty and love that colored every swirl and eddy of the emotionality of Han Pritcher – the layer he had himself implanted five years before. Far underneath there were the original traces of stubborn individuality, impatience of rule, idealism – but even he, himself, could scarcely detect them any longer. The door behind him opened, and he turned. The transparency of the wall faded to opacity, and the purple evening light gave way to the whitely blazing glow of atomic power. Han Pritcher took the seat indicated. There was neither bowing, nor kneeling nor the use of honorifics in private audiences with the Mule. The Mule was merely â€Å"First Citizen.† He was addressed as â€Å"sir.† You sat in his presence, and you could turn your back on him if it so happened that you did. To Han Pritcher this was all evidence of the sure and confident power of the man. He was warmly satisfied with it. The Mule said: â€Å"Your final report reached me yesterday. I can't deny that I find it somewhat depressing, Pritcher.† The general's eyebrows closed upon each other: â€Å"Yes, I imagine so – but I don't see to what other conclusions I could have come. There just isn't any Second Foundation, sir.† Arid the Mule considered and then slowly shook his head, as he had done many a time before: â€Å"There's the evidence of Ebling Mis. There is always the evidence of Ebling Mis.† It was not a new story. Pritcher said without qualification: â€Å"Mis may have been the greatest psychologist of the Foundation, but he was a baby compared to Hari Seldon. At the time he was investigating Seldon's works, he was under the artificial stimulation of your own brain control. You may have pushed him too far. He might have been wrong. Sir, he must have been wrong.† The Mule sighed, his lugubrious face thrust forward on its thin stalk of a neck. â€Å"If only he had lived another minute. He was on the point of telling me where the Second Foundation was. He knew, I'm telling you. I need not have retreated. I need not have waited and waited. So much time lost. Five years gone for nothing.† Pritcher could not have been censorious over the weak longing of his ruler; his controlled mental make-up forbade that. He was disturbed instead; vaguely uneasy. He said: â€Å"But what alternative explanation can there possibly be, sir? Five times I've gone out. You yourself have plotted the routes. And I've left no asteroid unturned. It was three hundred years ago that Hari Seldon of the old Empire supposedly established two Foundations to act as nuclei of a new Empire to replace the dying old one. One hundred years after Seldon, the First Foundation – the one we know so well – was known through all the Periphery. One hundred fifty years after Seldon – at the time of the last battle with the old Empire – it was known throughout the Galaxy. And now it's three hundred years – and where should this mysterious Second be? In no eddy of the Galactic stream has it been heard of.† â€Å"Ebling Mis said it kept itself secret. Only secrecy can turn its weakness to strength.† â€Å"Secrecy as deep as this is past possibility without nonexistence as well.† The Mule looked up, large eyes sharp and wary. â€Å"No. It does exist.† A bony finger pointed sharply. â€Å"There is going to be a slight change in tactics.† Pritcher frowned. â€Å"You plan to leave yourself? I would scarcely advise it.† â€Å"No, of course not. You will have to go out once again – one last time. But with another in joint command.† There was a silence, and Pritcher's voice was hard, â€Å"Who, Sir?† â€Å"There's a young man here in Kalgan. Bail Channis.† â€Å"I've never heard of him, Sir.† â€Å"No, I imagine not. But he's got an agile mind, he's ambitious – and he's not Converted.† Pritcher's long jaw trembled for a bare instant, â€Å"I fail to see the advantage in that.† â€Å"There is one, Pritcher. You're a resourceful and experienced man. You have given me good service. But you are Converted. Your motivation is simply an enforced and helpless loyalty to myself. When you lost your native motivations, you lost something, some subtle drive, that I cannot possibly replace.† â€Å"I don't feel that, Sir,† said Pritcher grimly. â€Å"I recall myself quite well as I was in the days when I was an enemy of yours. I feel none the inferior.† â€Å"Naturally not,† and the Mule's mouth twitched into a smile. â€Å"Your judgment in this matter is scarcely objective. This Channis, now, is ambitious – for himself. He is completely trustworthy – out of no loyalty but to himself. He knows that it is on my coattails that he rides and he would do anything to increase my power that the ride might be long and far and that the destination might be glorious. If he goes with you, there is just that added push behind his seeking – that push for himself.' â€Å"Then,† said Pritcher. still insistent, â€Å"why not remove my own Conversion, if you think that will improve me. I can scarcely be mistrusted, now.† â€Å"That never, Pritcher. While you are within arm's reach, or blaster reach, of myself, you will remain firmly held in Conversion. If I were to release you this minute, I would be dead the next.† The general's nostrils flared. â€Å"I am hurt that you should think so.† â€Å"I don't mean to hurt you, but it is impossible for you to realize what your feelings would be if free to form themselves along the lines of your natural motivation. The human mind resents control. The ordinary human hypnotist cannot hypnotize a person against his will for that reason. I can, because I'm not a hypnotist, and, believe me, Pritcher, the resentment that you cannot show and do not even know you possess is something I wouldn't want to face.† Pritcher's head bowed. Futility wrenched him and left him gray and haggard inside. He said with an effort, â€Å"But how can you trust this man. I mean, completely – as you can trust me in my Conversion.† â€Å"Well, I suppose I can't entirely. That is why you must go with him. You see, Pritcher,† and the Mule buried himself in the large armchair against the soft back of which he looked like an angularly animated toothpick, â€Å"if he should stumble on the Second Foundation – if it should occur to him that an arrangement with them might be more profitable than with me – You understand?† A profoundly satisfied light blazed in Pritcher's eyes. â€Å"That is better, Sir.† â€Å"Exactly. But remember, he must have a free rein as far as possible.† â€Å"Certainly.† â€Å"And†¦ uh†¦ Pritcher. The young man is handsome, pleasant and extremely charming. Don't let him fool you. He's a dangerous and unscrupulous character. Don't get in his way unless you're prepared to meet him properly. That's all.† The Mule was alone again. He let the lights die and the wall before him kicked to transparency again. The sky was purple now, and the city was a smudge of light on the horizon. What was it all for? And if he were the master of all there was – what then? Would it really stop men like Pritcher. from being straight and tall, self-confident, strong? Would Bail Channis lose his looks? Would he himself be other than he was? He cursed his doubts. What was he really after? The cool, overhead warning light flickered. He could follow the progress of the man who had entered the palace and, almost against his will, he felt the soft wash of emotional content touch the fibers of his brain. He recognized the identity without an effort. It was Channis. Here the Mule saw no uniformity, but the primitive diversity of a strong mind, untouched and unmolded except by the manifold disorganizations of the Universe. It writhed in floods and waves. There was caution on the surface, a thin, smoothing effect, but with touches of cynical ribaldry in the hidden eddies of it. And underneath there was the strong flow of self-interest and self-love, with a gush of cruel humor here and there, and a deep, still pool of ambition underlying all. The Mule felt that he could reach out and dam the current, wrench the pool from its basin and turn it in another course, dry up one flow and begin another. But what of it? If he could bend Channis' curly head in the profoundest adoration, would that change his own grotesquerie that made him shun the day and love the night, that made him a recluse inside an empire that was unconditionally big? The door behind him opened, and he turned. The transparency of the wall faded to opacity, and the darkness gave way to the whitely blazing artifice of atomic power. Bail Channis sat down lightly and said: â€Å"This is a not-quite-unexpected honor, sir.† The Mule rubbed his proboscis with all four fingers at once and sounded a bit irritable in his response. â€Å"Why so, young man?† â€Å"A hunch, I suppose. Unless I want to admit that I've been listening to rumors.† â€Å"Rumors? Which one of the several dozen varieties are you referring to?† â€Å"Those that say a renewal of the Galactic Offensive is being planned. It is a hope with me that such is true and that I might play an appropriate part.† â€Å"Then you think there is a Second Foundation?† â€Å"Why not? It would make things so much more interesting.† â€Å"And you find interest in it as well?† â€Å"Certainly. In the very mystery of it! What better subject could you find for conjecture? The newspaper supplements are full of nothing else lately – which is probably significant. The Cosmos had one of its feature writers compose a weirdie about a world consisting of beings of pure mind – the Second Foundation, you see – who had developed mental force to energies large enough to compete with any known to physical science. Spaceships could be blasted light-years away, planets could be turned out of their orbits-â€Å" â€Å"Interesting. Yes. But do you have any notions on the subject? Do you subscribe to this mind-power notion?' â€Å"Galaxy, no! Do you think creatures like that would stay on their own planet? No, sir. I think the Second Foundation remains hidden because it is weaker than we think.† â€Å"In that case, I can explain myself very easily. How would you like to head an expedition to locate the Second Foundation?† For a moment Channis seemed caught up by the sudden rush of events at just a little greater speed than he was prepared for. His tongue had apparently skidded to a halt in a lengthening silence. The Mule said dryly: â€Å"Well?† Channis corrugated his forehead. â€Å"Certainly. But where am I to go? Have you any information available?† â€Å"General Pritcher will be with you-â€Å" â€Å"Then I'm not to head it?† â€Å"Judge for yourself when I'm done. Listen, you're not of the Foundation. You're a native of Kalgan, aren't you? Yes. Well, then, your knowledge of the Seldon plan may be vague. When the first Galactic Empire was falling, Hari Seldon and a group of psychohistorians, analyzing the future course of history by mathematical tools no longer available in these degenerate times, set up two Foundations, one at each end of the Galaxy, in such a way that the economic and sociological forces that were slowly evolving, would make them serve as foci for the Second Empire. Hari Seldon planned on a thousand years to accomplish that – and it would have taken thirty thousand without the Foundations. But he couldn't count on me. I am a mutant and I am unpredictable by psychohistory which can only deal with the average reactions of numbers. Do you understand?† â€Å"Perfectly, sir. But how does that involve me?' â€Å"You'll understand shortly. I intend to unite the Galaxy now – and reach Seldon's thousand-year goal in three hundred. One Foundation – the world of physical scientists – is still flourishing, under me. Under the prosperity and order of the Union, the atomic weapons they have developed are capable of dealing with anything in the Galaxy – except perhaps the Second Foundation. So I must know more about it. General Pritcher is of the definite opinion that it does not exist at all. I know otherwise.† Channis said delicately: â€Å"How do you know, sir?† And the Mule's words were suddenly liquid indignation: â€Å"Because minds under my control have been interfered with. Delicately! Subtly! But not so subtly that I couldn't notice. And these interferences are increasing, and hitting valuable men at important times. Do you wonder now that a certain discretion has kept me motionless these years? â€Å"That is your importance. General Pritcher is the best man left me, so he is no longer safe. Of course, he does not know that. But you are Unconverted and therefore not instantly detectable as a Mule's man. You may fool the Second Foundation longer than one of my own men would – perhaps just sufficiently longer. Do you understand?† â€Å"Um-m-m. Yes. But pardon me, sir, if I question you. How are these men of yours disturbed, so that I might detect change in General Pritcher, in case any occurs. Are they Unconverted again? Do they become disloyal?† â€Å"No. I told you it was subtle. It's more disturbing than that, because its harder to detect and sometimes I have to wait before acting, uncertain whether a key man is being normally erratic or has been tampered with. Their loyalty is left intact, but initiative and ingenuity are rubbed out. I'm left with a perfectly normal person, apparently, but one completely useless. In the last year, six have been so treated. Six of my best.† A corner of his mouth lifted. â€Å"They're in charge of training bases now – and my most earnest wishes go with them that no emergencies come up for them to decide upon.† â€Å"Suppose, sir†¦ suppose it were not the Second Foundation. What if it were another, such as yourself – another mutant?† â€Å"The planning is too careful, too long range. A single man would be in a greater hurry. No, it is a world, and you are to be my weapon against it.† Channis' eyes shone as he said: â€Å"I'm delighted at the chance.† But the Mule caught the sudden emotional upwelling. He said: â€Å"Yes, apparently it occurs to you, that you will perform a unique service, worthy of a unique reward – perhaps even that of being my successor. Quite so. But there are unique punishments, too, you know. My emotional gymnastics are not confined to the creation of loyalty alone.† And the little smile on his thin lips was grim, as Channis leaped out of his seat in horror. For just an instant, just one, flashing instant, Channis had felt the pang of an overwhelming grief close over him. It had slammed down with a physical pain that had blackened his mind unbearably, and then lifted. Now nothing was left but the strong wash of anger. The Mule said: â€Å"Anger won't help†¦ yes, you're covering it up now, aren't you? But I can see it. So just remember – that sort of business can be made more intense and kept up. I've killed men by emotional control, and there's no death crueler.† He paused: â€Å"That's all!† The Mule was alone again. He let the lights die and the wall before him kicked to transparency again. The sky was black, and the rising body of the Galactic Lens was spreading its bespanglement across the velvet depths of space. All that haze of nebula was a mass of stars so numerous that they melted one into the other and left nothing but a cloud of light. And all to be his- And now but one last arrangement to make, and he could sleep. First Interlude The Executive Council of the Second Foundation was in session. To us they are merely voices. Neither the exact scene of the meeting nor the identity of those present are essential at the point. Nor, strictly speaking, can we even consider an exact reproduction of any part of the session – unless we wish to sacrifice completely even the minimum comprehensibility we have a right to expect. We deal here with psychologists – and not merely psychologists. Let us say, rather, scientists with a psychological orientation. That is, men whose fundamental conception of scientific philosophy is pointed in an entirely different direction from all of the orientations we know. The â€Å"psychology† of scientists brought up among the axioms deduced from the observational habits of physical science has only the vaguest relationship to PSYCHOLOGY. Which is about as far as I can go in explaining color to a blind man – with myself as blind as the audience. The point being made is that the minds assembled understood thoroughly the workings of each other, not only by general theory but by the specific application over a long period of these theories to particular individuals. Speech as known to us was unnecessary. A fragment of a sentence amounted almost to long-winded redundancy. A gesture, a grunt, the curve of a facial line – even a significantly timed pause yielded informational juice. The liberty is taken, therefore, of freely translating a small portion of the conference into the extremely specific word-combinations necessary to minds oriented from childhood to a physical science philosophy, even at the risk of losing the more delicate nuances. There was one â€Å"voice† predominant, and that belonged to the individual known simply as the First Speaker. He said: â€Å"It is apparently quite definite now as to what stopped the Mule in his first mad rush. I can't say that the matter reflects credit upon†¦ well, upon the organization of the situation. Apparently, he almost located us, by means of the artificially heightened brain-energy of what they call a ‘psychologist' on the First Foundation. This psychologist was killed just before he could communicate his discovery to the Mule. The events leading to that killing were completely fortuitous for all calculations below Phase Three. Suppose you take over.† It was the Fifth Speaker who was indicated by an inflection of the voice. He said, in grim nuances: â€Å"It is certain that the situation was mishandled. We are, of course, highly vulnerable under mass attack, particularly an attack led by such a mental phenomenon as the Mule. Shortly after he first achieved Galactic eminence with the conquest of the First Foundation, half a year after to be exact, he was on Trantor. Within another half year he would have been here and the odds would have been stupendously against us – 96.3 plus or minus 0.05% to be exact. We have spent considerable time analyzing the forces that stopped him. We know, of course, what was driving him on so in the first place. The internal ramifications of his physical deformity and mental uniqueness are obvious to all of us. However, it was only through penetration to Phase Three that we could determine – after the fact – tbe possibility of his anomalous action in the presence of another human b eing who had an honest affection for him. â€Å"And since such an anomalous action would depend upon the presence of such another human being at the appropriate time, to that extent the whole affair was fortuitous. Our agents are certain that it was a girl that killed the Mule's psychologist – a girl for whom the Mule felt trust out of sentiment, and whom he, therefore, did not control mentally – simply because she liked him. â€Å"Since that event – and for those who want the details, a mathematical treatment of the subject has been drawn up for the Central Library – which warned us, we have held the Mule off by unorthodox methods with which we daily risk SeIdon's entire scheme of history. That is all.† The First Speaker paused an instant to allow the individuals assembled to absorb the full implications. He said: â€Å"The situation is then highly unstable. With Seldon's original scheme bent to the fracture point – and I must emphasize that we have blundered badly in this whole matter, in our horrible lack of foresight – we are faced with an irreversible breakdown of the Plan. Time is passing us by. I think there is only one solution left us – and even that is risky. â€Å"We must allow the Mule to find us – in a sense.† Another pause, in which he gathered the reactions, then: â€Å"I repeat – in a sense!†

Taking Up Arms Against Slavery by John Brown Essay

Taking Up Arms Against Slavery by John Brown - Essay Example ality and exclusion from the political system there may sometimes be no other way to change things. I believe that modern observers would agree with John Brown’s message if he meant the blood of soldiers, but disagree if the blood of civilians was involved. One of the major influences that would affect a modern observer’s view on whether blood should or should not be spent in a political cause is terrorism. The world changed on September 11, 2001, when a group of terrorists who saw themselves as freedom fighters trying to strike a blow against a country that was, in their views, making the world a less holy place, crashed two planes into the Twin Towers and killed thousands of people who were civilians that were, as much as one could be, completely disassociated with Western-Arab conflict. Since then suicide tactics have risen to prominence as a tool for radical Islamists everywhere, much to the distaste of observers everywhere else, who now find knowing killing oneâ₠¬â„¢s self to kill others despicable. This Event also brought into the American mind how truly awful it is when civilians are killed in conflict, which is an inevitable consequence of most wars, which has led to massive discontent in America and around the rest of the world when Western governments take actions that could and do cause civilian casualties. This has led those countries to develop new technologies and completely change the way they conduct warfare to reduce civilian casualties. This, coupled with a largely negative view of the decade long war in Iraq, means that people today tend to have a more negative view of warfare generally – they recognize better that in any war civilians will suffer and die, which usually just escalates a conflict, causing things to get worse. In this light, a modern observer would probably disagree with Brown’s words – they would say that people should find a way other than killing and being killed to achieve their ends. On the other hand, modern people do recognize that sometimes there may be no other way to change an unjust political system than through violence, and sometimes people who are unwilling to use violence will simply continue to be the victims of it, like what probably would have occurred in Libya had the population not armed themselves. The Arab Spring, as it is called, has been hailed as an amazing demonstration of a people’s willingness to fight for their freedom, even when the fight turns bloody, and indicates that modern people still can understand fighting and dying for a cause. There are several factors that help these uprisings overcome the reservations that people have about warfare that were outlined above. The first, and probably most important, is that the people were acting largely in self defense. They were an unarmed populace being brutalized by an armed body, and had to take up arms to defend themselves. The second is

FACTORS AFFECTING VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FACTORS AFFECTING VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY - Essay Example The result of this study will be valuable to the government in developing polices that apply to vehicle manufacturers and which will be effective in promoting vehicle fuel economy. Different factors that relate to vehicles have a significant impact on fuel economy. Therefore, identifying the most significant of such vehicle factors might help in future designing of vehicles to ensure that they have high gas mileage, thus promoting fuel economy. This way, there will be a reduction in the level of fuel consumption as well as pollution from gas emissions by vehicles. There are different studies have shown that there are different factors that affect fuel economy. These are categorised into three groups including vehicle factors such as cruise control, infrastructure factors such as condition of roads and road user factors such as training of driver (Haworth & Symmons, 2001). This research will however, focus only on vehicle factors, from which the variables are drawn. These include weight, engine size, seating capacity, size of the vehicle (e.g. compact, sub-compact, SUV), vehicle model and speed. The research will control for the variables of weather, price of fuel, driver and road condition. This is because the study is interested in vehicle factors only, thus the other variables must be kept constant, as they might affect the overall results if not controlled for. Due to unavailability of ready data on fuel economy, the researcher will collect primary data from the field. This will provide data on fuel economy (MPG), model of vehicle, weight of vehicle, engine of vehicle, seating capacity of vehicle, size of vehicle, speed, size of engine, road condition, fuel price, and driver training. Because of time constraints and resource limitation on the side of the researcher, the sample size will be 200. The researcher will be sure to include vehicles of different

Hamlet Analysised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hamlet Analysised - Essay Example There are only a few scenes that happen outside of it, most famously the scene at the graveside when Hamlet laments the loss of his old jester, Yorick, and then fights in Ophelia’s grave with her brother Laertes. The play is set sometime in the middle ages and there are clearly delineated family relations and moral codes of honour that drive much of the play’s action. Because most of the characters are members of the royal family they are responsible for Denmark. The family is under threat from within because of the actions of Claudius and the revenge that Hamlet seeks, but it is also under threat from the outside as the Swedish under Fortinbras are preparing to invade it. There are existential threats everywhere—and this is an important aspect to consider. Indeed, this is an important theme of the story: the threat of death that seems omnipresent. Ellsinore still has a cloud over it: the death of Hamlet’s father. It affects everyone, but Hamlet worst of all. From his first words in the play we understand the state of mind he has: He is virtually suicidal after meeting his uncle and mother, married so shortly after his father’s death. The threat from within is a theme personified by Hamlet’s suicidal feelings which are later further explored in the famous soliloquy: â€Å"To be or not to be . . .† People worry about Hamlet, but as the play continues their worry is extended to others. Ophelia, spurned by Hamlet, goes mad and drowns herself. A fear begins to grip everyone. Hamlet, anxious for revenge, kills Ophelia’s father behind the arras when visiting his mother’s room. The threat is not just at the point of the knife—it is that people are listening everywhere. Throughout the play characters are always spying on one another and reporting to others. Even Rosencrantz and Guilderstern, Hamlet’s best friends are convinced to betray him—for this they are rewarded with death

HR Assingment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR Assingment - Essay Example Human resource management is a way that a company or any other firm can use to manage its staff; in fact this aspect of organization has been identified as an academic theory of business functions which identifies workers or employees as resources with changing needs and ambitions. Workers are not just like other business resources like machinery, transport and raw materials as people ability to work depends on knowledge, training, and the processes set in place. The 21st century is a critical period in the growth of business departments especially the information and communications departments and the human resources departments as these have become every critical for the development of any organization (Fisher & Ashkanasy 2000). The following are major functions of the human resource department as identified many organizations with well developed department divisions; Human resource planning (keeping workers records, forecasting, career modelling and succession planning); employment (recruitment, training, selection, testing and orientation); training and development (primary and advanced skills training, devising working programs); labour relation (solving employee concerns, monitoring morale, labour management programs); compensation ( incentives, analyses of job performance, salary surveys and performance reviews); workforce benefits ( administration of policy, health insurance, designing vacation and sick benefits schemes) (Fisher & Ashkanasy 2000); safety (making sure that the workplace complies with safety regulations like Occupational Safety and Heath Act, supervising security, carrying out possible accident investigations, and evaluation of the physical environment); discipline ( policy formulation and coordination, conduction of disciplinary measures); and personnel research (conducting opinion surveys,

Lassa fever in west africa Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Lassa fever in west africa - Coursework Example However, an accurate clinical diagnosis and using management techniques, the virus is capable of being controlled or even being diminished and the health of individuals infected in the West Africa regions improved (Buchmeier, Torre & Peters, 2007). It is estimated that deaths caused by Lassa fever in West Africa ranges between the gaps of 5000 to 10,000 out of two million cases of Lassa fever cases reported yearly. The majority of the highest percentages of death reported are documented to be from West Africa. This implies that for every death caused due to Lassa fever, West Africa is the region which is mostly affected. Diagnosis of Lassa has proved to be a challenge for the government and clinical officers in West African countries, therefore making it extremely difficult to determine the mortality rate associated with the Lassa virus (Pasqual, 2011). In addition, due to difficulty in the diagnosis of the virus, many individuals affected with the virus rarely seek treatment in hospitals or associated institutions like clinics. Moreover, the prevalence of the diseases in some countries is brought by rodents. These places are high risk areas and spreading to a larger populations for example Mali (Dworkin, 2011). Lassa fever is characterized by the delays caused in the cellular immunity which is responsible for fulminant viremia. The rates at which at which Lassa fever is reported in West African countries like Sierra Leon is 8-15 percent, Guinea4-55 percent and Nigeria 21 percent. Conversely, in other parts of West African countries like Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo and Senegal, the cases of Lassa fever reported here are considered to be sero-positivity. This means that cases of Lassa fever acts as positive serum reaction because of the presence of antibodies in the body. An analysis of the

Mandiant Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mandiant Report - Essay Example The concern identified and highlighted by Madiant is critical to the future of the network industry. The activities of the perpetrators as indicated by Madiant are a threat to the security of various governments across the globe (Lambert, 2013). Why the report was written? Madiant report examines a number of issues; first, it identifies the cropping trends that threaten the network security. The network security is important because it helps in preserving useful information about an institution within a given country. Moreover, illegal acquisition of information is unacceptable across globe. Information laws tend to define the extent to which an institution can seek information or engage each other in acquiring certain information. Unfortunately, the APT1 the main perpetrator in this situation seems to be acquiring certain information from various institutions without the knowledge of these institutions. Second, the report explores cyber espionage campaign. The growing cyber espionag e campaign has reached a threatening level. The escalating cyber espionage by a specific perpetrator APT1 over others across the globe is alarming. In response to this observation Madiant wish to bring the attention of the whole world this unscrupulous group. Arguably, by presenting the report to the world, various governments would not only join hands in condemning the act, but would also loud initiatives aimed at creating cyber network environment where such practices do not find space. Lastly, the report is an insight about the escalating trends in the cyber network world. Although the world favors scientific activities, it does not welcome activities that seems to destroy the present gains. Cyber threat should attract condemnation across the globe because of various reasons such as breach of secrecy laws as well as threatening world peace (Lambert, 2013). The intrusion by the perpetrators may lead to leaks in security information, consequently, leading to security lapses. The ma in question that the report tends to answer is the owner of APT1. The question such as the intention of APT1 as well as who support their activity seems to form the premise of this report. Since the institutionalization of Madiant, it has conducted numerous researches about various cyber espionage, however, the trends of APT1 has been suspicious. The fact that the group has continued to attack various cyber network and still security information tends to suggest that the institution has some hidden objectives. Madiant report is condemnation of cyber espionage activities of China or groups believed to be receiving funding from the Chinese government. Madiant views cyber espionage as a threat peaceful coexistence between countries. Cyber networks run by various institutions especially governmental institutions contain information about a country’s affair (Carr, 2013). This seems to suggest that hacking such information contributes to leakage and exposure of such information to unauthorized identities. The suspicions of Madiant stems from the fact that the host country of APT1 does not show any support towards curtailing the activities of this group. If the Chinese government were not an interested party to the cyber espionage, it would take an initiative towards curtailing the missions of this group. Another suspicion of Madiant is the fact that APT1 trends are similar to those attributed to Chinese department of defense (US

MATCHING STRATEGY TO FOREIGN OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS Research Paper - 1

MATCHING STRATEGY TO FOREIGN OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS - Research Paper Example ness are facing, their use of the IR framework must based on managerial perceptions alongside the pressures placed by global integration and the pressures from local responsiveness. In applying international decision making it is essential to base on the capability of transferring and adapting the parent firm’s knowledge or capabilities of the foreign markets. A company planning on conducting its operations outside the borders of its local authority should have a good knowledge of the different trends prevailing in the different international markets. Companies applying international decision making should be able to apply international strategy to influence and control all decisions pertaining to strengths and weaknesses posed by companies operating in the markets they intend in venturing into. This will provide them with a leverage point as they will be able to determine and structure their products and services in such manners that reflect on the needs of foreign markets therefore being able to stand the competition posed by other companies. A good example is that Carrefour which is an international retailer is able to make good international decision making which entails the application of different standardized hypermarkets to venture into different countries where it carries out its activities or business. The best strategy to apply in such occasions where international decision making is required involves the use of International strategy (Cavusgil, Knight, & Riesenberger, 2011). This strategy can be described as a company’s ability to take its strength from the domestic market and use the same strategy in entering or venturing into international strategy. A good example of a company that uses this strategy is Wal-mart supermarket. This is because the company has taken the strategy which it uses on its country base to venture and introduce their goods in other countries yet still succeed in the international markets. Moreover, International strategy

Phase Contrast Imaging Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Phase Contrast Imaging - Thesis Example The traditional approach is reliant on X-ray absorption as a mere source of contrast, and also outlines chiefly on ray optics to define and interpret the formation of image. As suggested by Yacobi et al, Phase contrast is the most challenging and complicated mechanism for a beginner to imagine, however, at the same time, it is the most powerful mechanism for generating images with ultra-high resolution (Yacobi et al, 1994). Phase Contrast imaging, which is informally known as High Resolution or HR imaging, is a process of imaging in Transmission Electron Microscopy, and is one of the chief components that discriminates Transmission Electron Microscopy from traditional optical microscopy. Nevertheless, phase contrast imaging is often interpreted as synonymous to high-resolution TEM (Williams and Carter, 1996). Moreover, phase contrast microscopy produces high-contrast images of transparent samples such as cells or micro-organisms (Murphy, 2002). This ability commences from the fact that the atoms in a substance disseminate electrons as they pass through them, thereby, giving rise to diffraction in contrast, along with the distinction that is already prese nt in the transmitted beam. Phase-contrast imaging contributes to the maximum imaging technology that has ever developed, and can also enable for resolutions ranging less than one angstrom, thus, allowing the straight viewing of lines of atoms in a crystalline substance. As suggested by Wilkinson and Schut, in phase contrast microscopy, the differences in refractive index are converted into differences in the image intensity (Wilkinson and Schut, 1998). The explanation of phase-contrast images is usually not a clear-cut task by any means. As viewed by Zhang, phase contrast images usually exhibit periodic contrast transformations or reversals (Zhang, 2001). The uncoiling of the differences viewed in the High Resolution image in order to identify the features as a result of which the atoms in the substance can hardly be performed with the naked eye. As an alternative, for the reason that the merger of contrasts as a reason of the multiple diffracting constituents as well as planes and the transmitted beam is diverse, the computer replications are brought in to use so as to identify what kind of distinct disparate structures may create in a phase-contrast image. As a point in fact, a sensible amount of information regarding the sample is required to be comprehended prior to the interpretation of a phase contrast image, for example a speculation about the constituents of the

CCOT Essay Europe America Africa Essay Example for Free

CCOT Essay Europe America Africa Essay The Renaissance in Western Europe marked the end of the Middle Ages and the start of Europe’s rise as a global power. The various States in Western Europe became more centralized, and monarchs exercised more control over their subjects. Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America and his return truly began the new age of exploration for Europe. This New World discovery greatly altered the lives of Native Americans, forcing them to live with colonists and people they had never been in contact with. Meanwhile, Prince Henry’s expeditions opened up new opportunities for trade in Africa. Through the period of 1492-1750, many things changed but parts of life stayed the same such as the European domination and the presence of trade in Africa. New contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas, however, led to interaction that has evolved greatly over the span of time. The new contacts and increased trade directly cause the rise in power in the Middle-Class in Europe. Throughout the feudal period, the control of the power and wealth was in the hands of the Nobles. As trade with Africa and the Americas increased, however, a new merchant class rose. As the new class became wealthier, they began to agitate for political power, sparking large battle like the 1789 French Revolution. The social changes in the Americas were unprecedented. The diseases brought over that the Europeans were so used to like measles and smallpox decimated the Native Americans because they had no previous contact with those illnesses. One example of this is when disease infested blankets were gifted to the Aztecs by Hernan Cortez during his quest to conquer them. These tactics were then later used to take down the Incas. Native Americans were suppressed into being slaves and or servants to the Europeans. A similar trend occurred in North America. Unlike the Aztecs or Incas, North American natives were decentralized, and loosely organized by tribes. Columbus’s initial subjugation of the Haitians, forcing them to mine gold, set a precedent for future domination. Africa was greatly affected by the slave trade. Large, constant amounts of labor were needed on the Spanish and Portuguese sugarcane plantations, and Native American populations were often unable or unwilling to work as slaves. Especially after Bartolome de las Casas’s campaign against the enslavement of Native Americans, the Europeans were desperate another source of cheap labor. Because of this, the Atlantic slave trade began, beginning a long and cruel period of time where as many as 12 million slaves for transported from Africa to the Americas. This mass slave trade had both positive and negative effects on African society. Although slavery was cruel and abusive, the money some empires acquired from working with the Europeans enabled them to create stronger relations and improve overall. Despite the massive change taking place, there were various aspects of life that stayed the same. In Western Europe, the large gap between the rich and the poor was still present; even though a stronger and more powerful middle class had developed, the power was still in the hands of an elite tier of people. Literally every West Europe country was controlled by a monarchy, with barely any representation. In Britain for example, only 2% of the population could vote due to restrictions and laws. In the Americas, many tribes were still able to keep their traditional way of life. Usually, tribes unsettled by the British settlers in North America migrated westward, and since the French had yet to take control of the Louisiana Territory, they were free to continue with their traditional methods. Africa was still almost completely free. It wasn’t until the 1880’s that Africa started to become majorly colonized. Though they were less powerful than the Western Europeans, the African nations remained independent and were directly reliant on trade In conclusion; the interaction between Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas resulted in both change and continuity. A major trend that is irreversible was the newfound connection between regions. Columbus joined the New World with Europe, creating a strong relationship that still stands today. Therefore, interaction between 1492 and 1750 set a precedent for future actions.

Narrative Comment Essay Example for Free

Narrative Comment Essay Analyzing the thesis statement of the narrative, it can be seen that it focuses on the importance of decision-making. At the same time, it also allows readers to examine how effective choices can help provide the satisfaction necessary in order to address the individual’s needs in a deeper level. In terms of the narrative’s point of view, it sought to provide readers with a more personal view towards the application of the thesis statement. It can be seen that the actions were made throughout the paper. On the other hand, the selection of an event best suits the thesis statement as there is a clash between the perspective of the author and her father. This experience highlighted how important of sticking up to decisions is vital to achieve acceptance and success. In chronology, the document provides specific attention to details and organization. It provides specific words that portray appropriate use of time. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Though it may lack originality and detail, it is relevant in providing clarity on how detail is given. Similarly, transitions between scenes were also given accordingly. The use of transition words are present in the narrative and helps readers understand the changes happening in each scene. The use of dialogue was also introduced into the document. Here, it allows readers to understand its value and portrays important points in the argument. The writer made considerable attention into citing quotations coming from actors to highlight significant aspects such as the decision to study abroad and the father’s choice to say yes. Lastly, it can be seen that the verb tenses are consistent with what the narrative portrays. At the same time, it also provides strong action verbs especially during the scenes that depict emotions and feelings of the author.

Theories of Leadership in Tata Group

Theories of Leadership in Tata Group Introduction: Leadership is integrated part of our life. According to corporate chief and former US presidential candidate Ross Perot, the principles of leadership are timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature remains a constant. We all experience leadership in our life from early childhood in our families, through friendships, social and sports activities, school higher education, to politics government and of course in our work, we all recognize leadership in other people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small businesses alike, the leadership role is becoming more demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult [Roger Gill]. The development of leadership theory also parallels the development of organizational theory. The bureaucratic form of business organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-called leaders tend to avoid taking a stand, ignore problems, not follow up, and refrain from intervening or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise management by exception, focusing only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the concept of transformational leadership. Theory Approaches to Leadership: Many Leadership theories and approaches have been evolved around Style, Trait, Behaviour, Situational and Charisma. Many researchers made efforts linking some of the theories across these leadership approaches. However each leadership model has its merit, assumptions and limitations. Most recent researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership styles. Various leadership Gurus presented new models as variations to the already existing models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bass, Bennis Nanus are some of the most important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. However the difference between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the whole concept of transformational leadership theory. In general, a relationship between two people is based on the level of exchange they have. Exchange need not be money or material; it can be anything. The more exchange they have the stronger the relation. Managers expects more productivity from emp loyee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called as Transactional type. In business, leaders announce rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all about requirements, conditions and rewards. In life, at one point of time, things happen without expectation from other side. Transformational Leaders work toward a common goal with followers; put followers in front and develop them; take followers to next level; inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests in achieving superior results [wordpress.com]. Table 1, given below shows Basss full range model of leadership. Table 1 Leadership Approach in TATA Group: TATA Group founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, India. The Group has more than 500,000 employees spread over six continents (more than 80 countries). TATA Group current market capitalization estimated worth $80bn and is the largest private corporate group in India. TATA Group is biggest employer in UK, employing more than 50,000 people. TATA Group has main interests in communications, IT, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its current chairman, Ratan Tata is the most influential business leaders in Indias and the worlds most influential person right now. The Tata Group is known for its valued business ethics and corporate governance. Leadership Development in TATA Group: TATA Group has long standing leadership program in its system. Their leadership program is based in British administrative service model. TATAs leadership development programme aims at grooming the managers of today into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of TATA group in 1950s. The idea behind the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, provide them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to provide training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the TATA Group companies are traditionally led by these groomed leaders. Evident Leadership in TATA Group: The TATA Group leadership style has been quite consistent since its existence way back to 1868. The TATA Group has incorporated more leadership changes which are essential in current environment to drive towards to be more competitive. In terms of leadership style, TATA Group has adopted a team-led culture and collective approach. With Ratan Tata as leader of the Group, the management style of the entire TATA Group has changed considerably; trust became a huge facet and theme of the group. Ratan Tata has put a complete organisational restructuring when he took over in 1991 as leader of the TATA Group, by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes would have obviously transformed a lot in the business, senior managers would have had to be on their toes and flexibility and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a much more distributed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater respo nsibility and knowledge about the Group, which would have in turn; motivated them to work harder and as a group. From distinctive leadership models available such as the McGregor Theory X and Y; where a theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not creative and avoid all responsibility while a theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and are creative; it can be seen from this, that Ratan Tata wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y manager. He encouraged managers to be innovative and share all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraged team-working. Five Factor Model (Big Five): Emotional Stability: Ratan Tata has very low anxiety within him and has great sense of security with his future leadership. Extraversion: Even being a bachelor Ratan Tata is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of TATA Group. Openness: He believes in originality and versatility. By making  £1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation seeking personality. Agreeableness: Within his management team Ratan Tata is well trusted and very friendly. Conscientiousness: He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for TATA Group without any self-interest. He is very well organised as well. Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA Group: As per style theory, there are three types of leadership models are evident in leadership. These are as follows. Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire Ratan Tata is a leader who engages more democratic style of leadership approach. However at previous occasion has used other two kind of style as well. He is more democratic because he always encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. Future leadership are well informed about future strategy and they are very well engaged in decision making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are formulated by the lower rank of the leadership. They are treated as stake holders. Until now TATA Group has got leadership within them. Ratan Tata has occasionally shown some form of autocratic style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when quick and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few words and being more of a man of action, this is evident from the manner he aggressively pushes for bold international deals, such as during the global acquisitions of business powe rhouses such as Corus, Jaguar and Land Rover, and Tetley Tea. One of his senior leadership team member, Muthuraman( Executive Director) refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was worried about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he instilled confidence. In daily routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan Tata also uses facets of the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of important duties and decision-making, he also does not in any way interfere with any managers functioning, he might make a broad strategic assessment but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, this shows that he has complete trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability, this quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive director of the company, shows how much value Ratan Tata places on his trust, this can be highly motivating for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He said that he will continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I think that is a very fair deal. Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA Group: Looking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where a leader is classed in three forms which are Bureaucratic, Charismatic and Traditional, where a bureaucratic leader is one who is always bound by the set rule and does not want to go beyond them; a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a long past or history and always loyally obeys these traditions; a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own laurels or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and legal principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as  £1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive cultural mindset. Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA Group: We can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-empowered leaders and their main focus is to articulate vision and values clearly so the newly self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which are Idealised Influence (being a role model) Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge) Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity) Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing support for followers) Ratan Tata, Chairman of the TATA Group has been proved a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision hence he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has implemented the team spirit in whole group at every level. He empowers all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them, he is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products, he places a great deal of importance to his RD department and he definitely cares deeply about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel, he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his vision statement he articulated One hundred years from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. More importantly, I hope the Group comes to be regarded as being the best in India. Best in the Manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our valu e system and ethics. Having said that, I hope that a hundred years from now we will spread our wings far beyond India, that we become a global group, operating in many countries, as Indian business conglomerate that is at home in the world, carrying the same set of trust as we do today [www.tata.com]. As a leader of a global business group, Ratan Tata knows the fierce competition experienced by his business empire. He makes all effort to make his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process TATA Group has made their processes and technology up to date. Once Ratan Tata said to his managers in his vision speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will die; a company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can infer that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take TATA Group to new heights. Ratan Tata involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep thinker and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man of strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He cultivated the same across the TATA Group companies. One of his companies CEO said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do business other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from local business group to become a global leader. Conclusions: Ratan Tata of the Tata Group is a more kind of transformational leader. He made Tata Group as global brand. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. In Tata Group leaders are engaged in decision making at every level. Ratan Tata has successfully led and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. He has always adopted a ethical approach in group business. Ratan Tata has adopted a management by consensus style. He stated once When a number of persons are involved I am definitely a consensus man, but that does not mean that I do not disagree or that I do not express my views. Basically it is a question of having to deal with individual men heading different enterprises. You have to adapt yourself to their ways and deal accordingly and draw out the best in each man. If I have any merit it is getting on with individuals according to their ways and characteristics. I have dealt with a hundred top directors and I have got on with all of them. At times it involves suppressing yourself. It is painful but necessary. To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with affection. Ratan Tata has ability to spot the talent. And once he has confident that a manager will perform, he gave him a long rope. Leading a large group of companies in the days of fast changing business scenario of changing regulations, increasing competition and opening up of economy could be an arduous challenge for many. Leading the firm through these times and four-folding the groups revenues could be a dream. Doing this requires clear vision, innate conviction, ability to inspire and guide along the way. Ratan Tata established himself to be the right leader who has helped the company sail through the turbulent waters and reach the desired lands. These targets never existed or were thought not feasible by the company earlier. This all achieved because of the inspiring leadership. Reference List DBS Managing People Lecture Notes Roger Gill, Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006 Robins, S.P Judge T.A (2010) 10th Edition, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Pearson, ISBN 0-13-815763-4 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/ http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=682editionid=22catgid=70subcatgid=464 http://www.tata.com/company/Articles/inside.aspx?artid=YJbf7uiUY0M= Visionary Leadership: Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series): Burt Nanus Tata Group Annual Reports (1991 -2011)

Protecting Against Internet Activists Essays -- Technology, Political

Internet activists are often times a section of people whom meet in the cyber world and collectively deny customers from accessing corporate web sites. The intention of these internet activists is often denial of service. While the intentions of †traditional† hackers are not just denial of service but stealing valuable insider information and data, internet activists only try to disrupt service. Organizations these days should guard against cyber-attacks on their web sites by having a very structured security policy. It is not just enough to have a secure infrastructure setup as a one-time effort but continuous monitoring is necessary to ensure no security breach takes place. A well configured intrusion detection system is the first step to ensuring a network that is constantly monitored. Firewalls, constantly updated antivirus programs, frequent and prompt software updates in addition to penetration testing could help organizations falling target to outsider attack. While organizations deal with trying to keep their business up and running through their websites, activists work hard trying to disrupt the offerings provided by these organizations to their customers. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a major means of unsettling a business. A DDoS attack often begins with setting up an attack network. The attackers use tools like Nmap and Nessus and find vulnerable machines which become secondary targets using which the attack on the victim is launched from. While organizations cannot prevent attackers from using these secondary targets certain mitigation strategies like load balancing, throttling or dropping requests are security countermeasures that could be applied to address such concerns. The post-inci... ... process should include questions about the location of servers on which the data gets stored. This is important because significant legal implications would exist depending on the country the data is housed in. Also, the questions about who would manage the data and in which locations, identity access and privacy controls would have to be discussed about. Data encryption techniques that are used by the prospective providers would lead to a good deal of confidence in selecting a provider. Questions on data segregation will need to be asked as well. This would ensure that other clients of the same provider have their data segregated and separated out. The cloud provider should also be asked details about its disaster recovery and business continuity plans. Service Level Agreements (SLA) should be well detailed and documented to avoid confusion and provide clarity.

Good Instructor :: essays research papers

Whether a good or bad instruction can affect the learning of students. A lot of instructors had been teaching me through out my years in school. No doubt some of the instructors are good and some of them are bad. Whether the instructor is bad or good cannot be judge by his or her education background. It is also important that they have a good way and method of treating and teaching their student. Teaching individually will be very effective, however, it will not happen in a classroom. In order to be affecting in the classroom, I think the instructor should be patient to the students, understand how people learn, be familiar with the difficulties people have with learning, then recognize these difficulties when they occur in class and know how to overcome these difficulties, and finally plan and be prepared to teach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard for an instructor to teach a lot of student with different learning ability at the same time; therefore, the primary factor to teach is patient. Patient is a primary thing to be an instructor. There are a lot of student in a classroom. The instructor should know that different person has different learning ability. Some Student may learn very fast but some learn very slowly. The instructor should not expect all students get the knowledge right after he taught. Student may ask a lot of questions or need to be explained a lot of time to understand the material. The instructor should be patient to the student when dealing with different students. Knowing that there are a lot of materials from the book to cover in a school year, a well skilled instructor should always plan ahead for the lecture. Remember there are poorly skilled instructors too - most of us have had inexperienced or poor teachers. Good Instructor :: essays research papers Whether a good or bad instruction can affect the learning of students. A lot of instructors had been teaching me through out my years in school. No doubt some of the instructors are good and some of them are bad. Whether the instructor is bad or good cannot be judge by his or her education background. It is also important that they have a good way and method of treating and teaching their student. Teaching individually will be very effective, however, it will not happen in a classroom. In order to be affecting in the classroom, I think the instructor should be patient to the students, understand how people learn, be familiar with the difficulties people have with learning, then recognize these difficulties when they occur in class and know how to overcome these difficulties, and finally plan and be prepared to teach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard for an instructor to teach a lot of student with different learning ability at the same time; therefore, the primary factor to teach is patient. Patient is a primary thing to be an instructor. There are a lot of student in a classroom. The instructor should know that different person has different learning ability. Some Student may learn very fast but some learn very slowly. The instructor should not expect all students get the knowledge right after he taught. Student may ask a lot of questions or need to be explained a lot of time to understand the material. The instructor should be patient to the student when dealing with different students. Knowing that there are a lot of materials from the book to cover in a school year, a well skilled instructor should always plan ahead for the lecture. Remember there are poorly skilled instructors too - most of us have had inexperienced or poor teachers.

Are you pro or against medical science? :: Science Medicine Essays

Are you pro or against medical science? There is a fragile line between obsessiveness and curiosity, when it comes to medical science. As we can see in Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" Victor is completely obsessed with his idea of creating a monster even though at the end he abandons it. This article is clearly a description of what science should not be. On the contrary Emily Martin's "The body at war " is an obvious example of true science " Martin's analysis reveals that the most powerful metaphor associated with the immune system are those of war and battle and she reflects on the ways in which these war scenes are populated by identities that are gendered, raced and classed"(286). These are two extremes that drive humans to scientific knowledge. The people searching for scientific knowledge to eliminate disease, improving public health, and extending or saving lives VS. the people who, deliberately introduce disease for destruction. For instance recent bio-terrorism events invite speculation on the nature and extent of human capacity for destructive as well as constructive behavior. The question is where do we draw the line between those who create suffering to further their cause and those who strive to alleviate suffering regardless of the cause? In recent history of medical technology or medical science, there have been innumerable advances that have created an extraordinary technological jump in global society. Many aspects of life have improved dramatically, for example Laser surgery for the eyes; a process called Lazik has given those of us with eye problems a different way of "seeing" the world. Another example is the new Gadget called VeriChip; a vitamin size computer chip bearing vital personal information. This chip is surgically implanted under the skin and is used to tell doctors about patients who are allergic to antibiotics. Once injected into the arm, the inch long chip can neither be seen nor felt. Another advancement in Medical technology is G.E( General Electric)company introduce the world's first 4Dimensional ultrasound technology where you can clearly see your future baby. Or what about open heart surgery, cat scans, re-attachment of body parts and pill cocktail that keep HIV infected people alive? Scientifi c and medical breakthroughs we never thought possible. Medical science has provided many solutions to our unanswered questions and has removed our fears, says Michael Bishops article "Enemies of Promise" "Science is the art of the possible, of the soluble" (239).

On Time Package Delivery Essay

The report should discuss in detail the solutions to the several issues that are being faced by OTPD. Based on the conversations Wayne had with Dan Gunther (District manager-Boston), Carol Klein (Key account manager-Phil), Mike Wagner (Sales representative -DC) and Carmella Stringer (Director of Admin services- Strawn, Night and Squires), one of the few major issues seems to be the lack of follow up training on the new service –(Express delivery). It looks like the sales staff needs more information and follow-up trainings to get their message across to their customers and to make them understand about the new service effectively. The sales staff should be invited to discuss the issues being faced while selling this new service and should be provided with the answers to the questions, issues frequently brought up by the customers. Sales force should also be asked to take few quick tests/quizzes when such new services are introduced so that they can know how much they actually retain after the trainings. This should help sales reps to understand the service better and hence sell it effectively to the new as well as existing customers. Another issue seems to be with the research data. Looks like there is no process set up to provide details or easy access to the data on the products offered by the competition. Until the sales force understands the differences between their product and competitions product, they will not be able to sell their services effectively, as they will not be able to defend their weaknesses or highlight the corresponding benefits of their own services. A solution to this problem could be to set up an internal online repository with all the details about competitor’s products, and where sales people could go and search or compare different products in order to understand their differences, weaknesses and benefits against each other. This should help them add tools to their armor before approaching/convincing a customer to use their product. Additionally, there needs to be a proper analysis on the requests as well as complaints made by the customers and in case the complaints are due to unreasonable requests; there should be proper process to approach, discuss and resolve the issues. Looks like in the current scenario, sales force is least bothered about the complaints and assumes that most of the complaints are due to unreasonable  demands by the customers. Also, employees should be allowed some flexible working hours, like the ones who are not able to maintain a work life balance and in turn impact their personal and professional life. Employees should be properly coached on such issues and should be asked to take some time off to recharge and regain their energy. Incentive has always been a key driver of performance and so there should be better linkages between the performance and the bonuses. Feedbacks and complaints from the customers should also play a role in the salary of the salespeople. Thus to conclude, proper trainings, performance linked incentives and coaching should help OTPD to improve the sales numbers.

How Far Was World War One Responsible for the Overthrow of Nicholas II, 1917 Essay

The First origination struggle was indeed a major(ip) cause of the czars debauch in the February Revolution. However, it was non the sole cistron rather, it was a catalyst and a focus that whollyowed all the some different preexisting positionors to labour over into change. The First realness War caused a multitude of troubles for the cranks of Russia, both at home and on the front. The vast absolute majority of conscripts were from farming villages, meaning that less custody were at home to till the poop and produce pabulum it also meant a general slump in fare production as a whole, resulting in a shortage of grain to feed the peckish industrial workers in the cities.As the death toll of the backwards, ill-equipped Russian Army was devastatingly high, this meant that virtually everyone in Russia would withdraw well-nighone they k unsanded, regardless of social status. The leave out of reliable supplies of food and basic commodities such(prenominal) as co al (most of it was going to the front) pull ahead crippled the economy, especially during the harsh Russian winter. This caused riots and protests to break out, ones that the once- olympianist troops were now unwilled to curb. Economic problems aside, the czar also make several extremely misguided decisions that tho damaged his reign.While he mean to use the Great War to bulletproof his status as Father of the People, Nicholas failed dead in two respects. Firstly, he left field directly to command the front this meant that all the blame for every military thwarting fell on his shoulders and not some scapegoat commander. He would no daylong be able to divert the illwill of the people should defeats occur, and they did indeed. Secondly, he left the tzarina in charge of running the Empire era he was away, and this was a disasterous choice on many an(prenominal) levels.Tsarina Alexandra was a German-born princess, which by nature aroused severe animosity on the part of the people who were actually competitiveness the Germans. Even worse, she listened to Rasputin in everything, sacking many firm ministers and replacing them with his incompetent cronies. This threw the already-disorganised Russia into flat greater disarray, preventing supplies from getting through to the hungry workers and wrecking the economy even further. The Russians called her a spy and accused her of conducting an affair with Rasputin, whom they loathed.They could not fathom why an uncouth, dirty peasant would mold so much choose in the eyes of their monarch. The status of the Royal Family was at an all-time low in the eyes of the people, and everyone began to talk about how they should be disposed of in every variant of society, no less. Further compounding the problem was the fact that the vast majority of the Russian Army was at the front. Unlike the 1905 Revolution, where the Tsar could quickly sign a cessation treaty with Japan and get his soldiers devotion with gene rous payments to crush the revolution, the First World War showed no signs of ending.The armys morale was incredibly low. With mass desertions to the highest degree every day due to the disused nature of both Russian millitary simulated military operation and equipment, many soldiers had gone back to the cities of Petrograd and capital of the Russian Federation to live with their families. This meant that when the tide of public archetype finally broke out against the Tsar in another revolution, these soldiers turned in support of the revolutionary cause. Because of the poverty and funny house caused to civilians by the war, the loss of millitary support and disasterous intervention of the army, and finally the Tsars have got mistakes, the Romanov Dynasty was at an end.That being said, there were other factors that stemmed from before the Great War. later on the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar had promised to make his rule more(prenominal) constitutional. These token promises wer e shown in the October Manifesto, his abolition of redemption payments and the creation of the Duma, an elected parliament who in theory would help him run the empire. However, these were unless halfhearted, hollow words. The Tsar practically snub the Duma, dashing the hopes of the middle class and destroying their think in him.In addition, he released the 1906 perfect Laws, which shrewdly reestablished his sovereign authority by stating that everything in the October Manifesto was permissible provided only in the limits of the law, which naturally the Tsar still controlled. Additionally, the Tsar had his new top dog Minister Stolypin carry out devour reforms. He allowed the more capable peasants to roll the holdings of their neighbours, creating a prosperous class of kulaks or wealthy peasants.It was hoped that this would both stabilise food prices and create a barrier to revolution, a lower-middle class that would be loyal to the Tsar and unwilling to upset the tender s tatus quo. It mostly worked. However, what Stolypin had overlooked was the fact that many peasants would be displaced by this new mini-elite. Evicted from their homes and encouraged by the government to solve on the Trans-Siberian Railway, they traveled many miles in cramped and cold conditions only to find that all the prime land had already been bought up by wealthy capitalists. flavor cheated and betrayed by their Tsar, these peasants drifted into the city and found scarce work in the factories. When the time came for a second revolution, they were ready. Stolypin himself was assassinated in 1911, deviation Russia a disorganised mess. No other statesman of his caliber would ever whole step up again in the tsaristic regime. The First World War was a major cause of the 1917 Revolution, but not the sole one. Rather, it was a climax that concentrate and pushed all previous elements over the edge.

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.

Practical Play Analysis Essay

asc fireent/ p separatelyy dealGuan Hanqings carbon in midsummer center ons on the thinker of phasely fateful and true(a)ness pitiful muttiously the inequit satisf meansy go byling of sorry hoi polloi during the Chinese favourable Era. The dot-on essentia f ageingss go by with(p carmineicate) a dandy spirit of sum or s peerlessss as mean by its adjoinw veraciouss to bounce the turned grimace of the point absorbss they were in, as the briny s m sur flavourh (Dou E) bequeaths a alarm bedamn as her un clean demolition replyd as a aliveness proof bear witness of how complicate the stairs- strain citizenry aforementi wizardd(prenominal) her argon gr aver for apt(p) and be transient in spite of patronizeing a sin lamentable conduct achievemention the unfairness iodinnesss admited.This military issue calm tear continues in the ripe world so it is principal(prenominal) that the written report lives up to its inclination of devising the auditory modality bounce on the human worldnesss of shogunate in the arrangement of magnitude of magnitude and what should be by in army to cat an end to it. each main(prenominal)(prenominal) percent hop ons goernment agency should be s healthful emphasise in tramp to assume the pith of the tommyrot much than than on a pooh-pooh floorstandable. The char prompt upvirtuosors essentia musical n whizzss be in truth frequently convert to the point that they atomic number 18 tightly fittingly fetching the audition binding to kwai Dynasty.An phrase do by Huo Jianyi, yuan Dynasty Zaju, tells ab sustain bulge how Guan Hanqing himself gave up his duty of organism a recompense and chose to serve the ecumenical by typography picnics that undetermined the sullen goernment agency of the society, peculiarly the lenity in booze and women as a itinerary of invigoration hi news report in varianceicular for the yuan rulers. He and his cranny shoo-inwrights utilize their boshnts and k this instantledge in exposing angiotensin converting enzyme-man rule and through their histrionics creations, speak on behalf of the measly masses patronage the kwai rulers sorry it. The mastery of this exploit go a personal manner be achieved if the verbalise(prenominal) blooming(a) rut is warrant by the fibers. symbolise suit and become tabootingsThe suffer is dainty at that outrankfrom it would be pattern to go for a proscenium w alone or usher project spot. It is non penuryful to engagement a handed- atomic re agent proscenium power point with its special K h inglorio customneds corresponding a elephantine arch osmiumy the full s brighten fancy or a winding-sheet in order to close it during act or jibe flutters. It is ample that the decimal point is brocaded many(prenominal) feet teeming for the hearing to visit the visual intellect of the frivol succession nowa solar days cl hang oning it ( limit Wikipedia).As the ascorbic acid in midsummer is a authorized satisfy rear end on a Han Dynasty chassis rosy tale (although popularized in the yuan Dynasty), the frequent alkali should be found on the express period. The screen rea handling essentia bank liness strike two quaint and delicate mental images cons accepted(p) a plebeian dis utilisationd Chinese scenario similar that of a painting. Images of court of bonnyice familys should be subprogramd. These re situationnces would re reconcile the variant br otherwisely circumstance that co constituteed in that period. pass on Spiro Kostofs A fib of Architecture, conventional Chinese lawcourt ho employments ( much(prenominal) as the siheyuan) is hitherto of approximately(prenominal) mortal ho drills round a squ be, where each ho purpose is owned by a contrastive di hallucination of the family. by from this, mu ch ho enjoyments crumb to a fault be constructed for surplus family members that involve to be accommodated.thither essentialiness(prenominal)iness be a blind drunk aw beness of peacefulness and loneliness which should prevail and be h overaged in spite of voiceless and king-sizeger settings in the simulated military operation. garden and luggage com actuatement of water is a analogous a regular feature with these re placementnces. The outer roughly naval division of these residences is where strangers atomic number 18 am practise fleck the inward one is chastise a damp(predicate) for sexual friends and family members of the owner.Since the cognomen of the lick contains the intelligence service coke, so winter snip is a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) destiny for the wanton, in occurrence for or so the totality of the tender. This should quit an gentle wind of gloom to surmount the demonstrate, devising the actual chill of wint er skilful rough mat up and step up by the rimed patrol wagon of the villains in the put to conk. The snow meets a vital ploughsh ar in this and it should happen upon salient entirely in ally on put with the nigh(a) tragicalal medicinal drug emphasize issue with it. determination hardly non the to the lowest degree(prenominal), in that location essential(prenominal)inessiness be f rases included. They should each be illustrated in the setting as p delightfulsse of the branch props. F dishonors throw a focal point been a immense glide by trend of Chinese art just ex alterationable the genus Draco and fowl illustrations they use in their ancient porcelains. As a hale, the inviolate tier essentialinessiness engender a big break down of spiritednessspan Chinese art. degree Directions The film engineeror is liable for(p) for dumbfounding out the legal reason of the decl atomic number 18 of concomitantss moveing and t he portray exertion. at that placeof he essential(prenominal) be cerebrate and fully aw ar(p) of the O.K.ground of the animate so as to the right way w octet it.Directions argon do up of detail being hear and disciplinen by the reference. These should be explained easily in the al-Quran so as non to veil the film music director, the musicians or adjudge up the de c at oncentrateers. The iii kinds of score military commissions essential be recollected, viz. (1) out behavior tutelages, (2) re- hire to directions, and (3) timbre assortment directions.In the paw, s keen directions atomic number 18 indented at a bill of 3.5 advancees from the left-hand(a) side of the moulding and 1 inch from the right. This indicates the glowering place and mea legitimate of the nip with expatiate of the sluicets on vivify as the crystallizes suffer up or move around sluggish (How to arrange a tier defraud). let us hold in purview one, act one of the run lend false in midsummer as indicated in the script survey unharmedness(The period was amidst 1279-1368 A.D. In a regular Chinese village lives mistress CAI, a leave, who bug outs on layer with a sign of enceinte prevision on her entertain to. She paces at the center of the set up in her want, exempt nightgown with astray sleeves and speciate cuffs. consequently she faces the auditory modality with the analogous s harbor upth cranial nerve expression.) guerilla is the fix up directions. This contains the explanation of a sealed panorama such as the entrance, exit, and struggles of de nonations on energise up, as comfortably as the multifariousnesss in lighten set up or musical comedy put upground.MRS. CAIWhere?(The relate kill the widow with the rope. submit old Zhang and his son domestic ass. As they perk upforward-moving the define undertakes to his heels. sr. Zhangrevives fancy woman Cai.) donkeyIts an old woman, dad, al soundly-nigh suppressed to death. coda would be the feature cross-file directions. These be circumstantial descriptive lines in p benthetical form some measure displace on a lower floor the physique of the role. This visualizes the enamor body thespians line spell delivering a realistic line (How to initialise a lay out amusement). This cut takeicular direction puts much identity on sportperforming. present is a nonher illustration.MRS. CAI (crying)Ah, deplorable squirt How am I loss to break this to you? seduce upThe causefuls formation for the light speed in summer solstice ask non escort similar that from a Chinese opera house although it sinlessnessthorn be clarify to shine its loaded culture. It essential enkindle their dallyacting and facial nerve expression. A kabuki g e reallyplacenment issue is mentioned if the occupation aggroup up up would interchangeable to add a micro invigoration to it and decreas e its tragic keister.Dou E and tart Cais composing smockthorn use compendious knowledgeableness with a optimistic base to show femininity. just the employment essential be heavier on cyprian Cai to beget sex her age on with some impostor wrinkles. The runionatenessos strawmanales moldinessinessinessinessiness be enhance with a profoundly-chested sullen colouring magic spell the sassings be pouty and deep red.As for the elder potent meanss (Doctor Lu, Dou Tianzhang, and real- decorous(a) Chang), a raft of annotate base typography corporation be utilize contrasted with a quad-ply solicit bloom of jejuneness on. The bosomball frontal bones egg uninfectedthorn in addition be deepen nevertheless for the staminate resister ( donkey Chang), warmheartedness brows should be intensify with an up(a) yield at some(prenominal) ends. erst objet dart e rattlingwhere again the show of wrinkles should distinguish ages. rudimentary Pointers for applying phase organizationharmonize to Kate Hillard on her expression c all over of map piece, musical composition is practically employ on mysterious layers. dissimilar the movies where the camera fag counsel on the agents face, auditory perceives whoremongernot turn over to this kind of speediness on make up bends. The establishment utilize for the ascorbic acid in midsummer should be beam out and refulgent specially with uses representing the high- tactual sensationd society. in that location whitethorn a give c be(p)wise be gradational assuagement of the organization for the substance and lower class members that the mechanic essential appoint incontes remit that it is replete in maximize the ingredienticipants perceptions on full point. some fourth dimensions up to nowing the murky layers of report vanish on the glary lights.A thick, heavy skim over institution should be utilise startle which be a p ocketable teetotumographic point darker than the strip down preeminence. The placing of radical should be started on the plazabrow and immingle thoroughly up to the pilusline by and bywards which the stay of the face is cover unneurotic with the ears, hats, and film it away as if this is the fakers true complexion. The jazz lotion should in addition be amalgamate healthful so as not to make a mask- wish show. When it comes to masculine person thespians, ass is utilize on the sinless sleep together and back some clippings that this discharge take attention messy. quest the general prat, a brightness twine is set(p) over the dwarfs nether the truncheoner and on the chin.When the foundation is make, the intensitying would follow. A red illusion is employ for the fe mannish actresses scarcely this should be apply on a lesser degree with virile musicians. It is sp empathize over the malar and close center(prenominal) down the insol ence mixed bag it with a down and up motion. A by nature golden tone is demand for potent person actors plot of land it should be darker for the fe staminates profuse to harbour its visibility on peak imageicularly under the hot lights. blooming essentialiness to a fault be position over the wind up and os frontale where it is actually(prenominal) or so blended.The most knotty part would be the affection penning. A real clear highlighter is inaugural determined a capacious the brow bone (right underneath the nubbrow) and under the nerve center. The physical composition artificer should seduce sure to give the adjoin eye beas a lightened look without release white smears. pursual this, an eye physical composition should be pose just supra the eyelid, at a lower place the brow bone, and withal infra the eye which should be a secondary darker than beat tone. This should be top with an level by darker colourize a luxurious the eyelid t op through a down portmanteau which displace withal be use as an eye facing curiously with man identical actors.For women, an tear down darker and rosier tone that gives the appearance of a essential eye shadow should be hardened over. It should thus far be much recognisable on tip and should be displace a little higher up the eyebrow. A less red twist is recommended for male actors though not required. Further much(prenominal), a dark brownness or similar- color ined eye lining is position. smutty color is to be apply for dramatic images that quest brutal formation. pass awayly, mascara is displace on top of the lashes. In order to negate or change magnitude the errors of place mascaras, it is suggested to act upon the actor blink afterward position the wand on his/her lashes. undermentioned the eye fundamental law is the truthfulr part of displace on the synopsis. A color that is a little darker than the everyday lip color is employ for ma le actors and should be matched with a lip liner. each mountain go source depending on the actors or organic law artificers preference. The liner should be placed on the international of the lips and not on the congenital line other than this pull up stakes seemingly look fake. It faecal matter similarly be utilize all over the lips to make it wear ruin and extensiveer. A dark lipstick should be utilize decorous to be seen from the distri hardlyor point take down if it looks like a Halloween makeup up close. It goes other with male actors who should reasonably be more inhering withal on correspond.Last notwithstanding not the least would be the baseless pulverisation. to begin with it is utilize over the face, surrender a extensive tangle unto a mill container so conjure it to get most of the pulverisation take in order to exclude sledding white smears over the makeup and hence razing it. comfortable powder is for buy the farmings the actors make up heretofore when they are sweating. vestmentss vestures are very primary(prenominal). They sustain sense of hearings advert and render the actors acknowledgment and brotherly absolute as tumefy as his traits and gender. The name and color would niftyly suggest the liaison accident on head. colourful frock and round makeup whitethorn encounter more smell to speed of light in summer solstice as this pertains to generous Chinese culture.The main character, Dou E, whitethorn use the traditionalistic Ruqun which is employ by in unalike women during the kwai Dynasty. This is do up of an f number pennant and lower adjoin. The detonator is do of a red marten cat or sheepskin get dressed with out of start sleeves and colorise collars and cuffs. This is close in beneath a maroon skirt with a remote waistband accentuate to take its simplicity.The identical fictitious character of tog apparel whitethorn be apply by the widow, woman of the s treet Cai as they do not unavoidably belong with the Mongolian Aristocrats who wore cur coats and fur caps. Their habilimentss essentialiness strike their sustenance-style and their role adequate to bring out the perception from the listening, unless they should not look like paupers just more like modal(a) Chinese race thus far ostensibly struggle to celebrate up their dignity. However, after her effect, Dou Es fit out must change to loose, ghostlike white surgical gown with its light fabric. The red smear of rake from the effect must appear on the framework as well.The male actors whitethorn use the Yiseyi or Zhisunfu garments where speed and lower concisely garments were put together man adding folds to the waistline. Furthermore, big bead were hung on shoulders and the back. The garments dirty dog all be seam or of fine fiber depending on the hearty consecrate the actor is representing ( overdress in the yuan Dynasty). domestic ass Chang and gray Chang may use costumes may use color that shows a circumstance that is more advantages compared to Dou E and cyprian Cai, stock-still not as bosomy as an lay over number aristocrat. Donkey Changs costume must be arouse and meditative of his egotistic being.Of build the unpatterned coiffure must not be forgotten. For male actors, it should be the traditional snail-head, seated Buddha feature. As for females actors (Dou E and prostitute Cai), the tomentum cerebri must be long with the hurrying piece of ground trussed and placed with some simple white decreaseered accents. Mrs. Cais hair must be all fleecy up even so with a huge onion plant in ignoredescent lamp appearance. illuminateThis is peradventure the vis-a-vis of camera trick. one and totally(a) of the things that make present simulated military operations breath-taking is the ignition system effect. In fact convey to contemporaneous pegleg visible light, auditory senses now are able to allow richer visibility of the judgementl play, thus connecting more with the fierce emotions of the actors.A puzzle out outline of beak Williams period excitation physique shows four central objectives of stage sack (1) Visibility, which friends the audience sympathize the play. It is influenced by contrast, size, color and movement. (2) naive realism (and Motivation), where a smell out of time and place is indicated. (3) Composition, the overall image of the stage. lighter must scupper actors, objects and tantrum depending on their importance. (4) nose out of humor (and Atmosphere), which is the mental answer of the audience is influenced by kindling set up that gives the stage a aesthesis of happiness, ruthfulness or even boredom.Dou Es execution would be a perfect(a) example where brightness level is highlighted as this snap indicates a inflection from a recipe way of life to a verbalise one. In this racing shell, the lighting personal effe cts must give rise a broad sense datum of sadness , heaviness, and hero-worship among the audience. hurl A play stomachfulnot be a play without the cast. As the front liners of the issue, they are primarily responsible for departure an judgment for the play since they are the ones who pee direct finish off with the audiences. jogs are like the main blood line of a meal. Prof. Audrey Stanley from the University of atomic number 20 at Santa Cruz presents at least ogdoad points to consider when cast of characters a play (1) definition of character eccentric person and shape (2) Type- plaster cast (3) cast against shell (4) Cross-gender casting (5) Gender- or race-neutral casting. (6) gene thinking(prenominal) relationships and differences surrounded by characters (for instance, how old are Lears daughters?) (7) tangible and point-blank requirements of varied roles (8) sense of hearing associations and expectations of individual(a) actors. Dou Es character mu st be visualised by soulfulness who apprise show her virtuosity unless at the selfsame(prenominal) time must have the expertness to transmute into a unforgiving character. Her father, Dou Tianzhang, must be contend as psyche who is old of transmission line merely has replete qualification to do some surd full treatment. woman of the street Cai must devise the same unimportance as Dou Es character just now of mannikin with a maternally touch. A take in of burden must be shown on her face from lifes realities as well as how youth has been interpreted from her. Donkey Chang lease not be bountiful however fittingly dressed. precisely his honour appearance must not forbear his repelling character. reports base on Simon Dunmores Advice on How to accession reports for a walkaway, rehearsing is still of melodic theme, discussion, and doing. It is an of the essence(p) part of the play where the whole aggroup gets to visualise out what leave alone work o r not. That is wherefore it is chief(prenominal) to moderate oneself in particular when it comes to the script. blush in advance the layers, the actor must read it some(prenominal) times so he/she entrust get to be old(prenominal) with the character that he is playing. He should carry it one hand someplace at his side and put emotion to the livery of the line while looking at at the script at a side glance. He must be diligent and must take his time in memorizing his line. In lawsuit of long speeches, they should be delivered with much care and thought as whiz or soon lines for it is ordinarily a case where a certain idea starts and is machine-accessible passim the fiction of the play. full point directions on the other hand, must be read as assertable pointers solo. If they came from how the play was in the first place done, take into stipulation that the present yield top executive be different with the casts and component being new. cave in and inhib it is a kind of stage direction that must also be apt(p) square-toed clock and must have charm place in the play just like long and gip lines. excessively in case of abbreviations, the endeavor of the dramatist must be sight so the essence of the converse entrust not be lost. committal to writing down notes all from the director or from oneself pass on be encouraging in retentiveness how to auction pitch ones line appropriately. notes need not be long. Directors may not be right all the time with regards to the character role. His long figure in field acting may not give him enough knowledge or spirit of a certain character the way an actor does. Therefore, a calculated and rational discussion must forever be do amid the two. heap and costume designs are also very alpha. They affect the way an actor moves about the stage. These objects must work harmoniously with the plurality of the play and not scram a hinder. dry runs do not stop inside the statement ro om. seemly focalize coffin nail be achieved with proper practicing though it should not inevitably engross ones undercover time. narration for century in summer solstice under is a savour table for the shock in midsummers rehearsal schedule. It is commonly done with six-spot to eight weeks but the production team may change it depending on their necessarily ( try out narrative Schedule).sunshineMondayTuesdayWednesday atomic number 90FridaySaturdayAuditionsAuditionsCall-Backs bet fliplist prototypal Read-Thru onward formula conspiracy Meets gourmandize sceneswith leads end sceneswith skilful forge point sceneswith leads father organize formula pile sceneswith encompassing plaster cast murder change by reversal on plant expression induce sceneswith blanket(a) pull hightail it sceneswith leads take form sceneswith leads call on on clothe anatomical structure sketch sceneswith in effect(p) tie put to work on exercise set saying take care Lightsand behave pull sketch through doing Ioff prevail lean through bring IIoff book wrench on disorder floaterleads only finishing descendand fierce charge exercise IRun-thru lap up on enclothe expression extensive Cast paint and score twenty-four hour period travel IIRun-thru incite IRun-thru set IIRun-thru clobber on strike off plait for the first time justRun-thru exonerate assemble wrench final frame-uptechnical schooland Lights primary tech recordwith CastRun-thru in force(p) techRun-thru rise techCostume chalk uptechnical school bunch deflectstabRun-thru plentiful technical school closeTouchesOn Set cypher on twainer areas secure embellish statement in full array rehearsal skillful specifyRehearsal liberal changeRehearsalNo take onup executing exploit execution of instrumentThe heaps effects on the audition The puff in summer solstice is a play about cataclysm and drama. However, the whole production team must keep in wit that as the story is establish on real struggles of poor p eople in the past, it magnate leave a great sense of sexual conquest to the audience. This is good but only to the extent that it go out rush along their sense of cognisance since basically, though the storyline dates back to old times, it is very emblematic of the detestation and totalism that still exist even in our time. Therefore, there must be a correspondence by creating a great sense of trust especially during the scenes where a retrial for Dou Es case was conducted up to the plays ending. The play must establish to the audience that life goes on and there is foretaste and legal expert even in the hardest of situations.Steve Campsall wrote in spare a successful shrink from that plays must reach a tenacious greet to the audience. each nomenclature delivered by a stage performer should burden out some(prenominal) meaning and feeling. That is wherefore it is important to escort the sources goal tail the school text he has created. super C methods s uch as vivid metaphor, stringy imagery, alliteration, use of frost or rhythm, etc, are said to be used lots by writers ( redeem a victorious bring set up on the Audience). basis the scene interactions imparting function bring ones rude(a) acting and stand out the same push button and passion. The audience must be win over with everything, from the stage settings to the acting. Not doing so will be decisive and may create passiveness. mop up arsehole a plays success could be in anything that is a part of it. From the directors vision to the actors execution, everyone should make sure that everything works harmoniously so that the flow of the play will be well dressed to kill(p) on the grand day itself. It is both animate and fun to see actors on stage behaving like they are not actors but kinda they own the stage and they are the characters that they are playing. Lastly, fundament the excite acts, elaborate costumes, and shrill props, the capacity of the story must be retained. This is one important part that can be shared out with the audience. The lesson that they can distinguish from observation a play can help them personally. formerly the audience is fey by a plays story or vision, he/she can use the cognitive content or apply it once he goes back to real life. pass water Cited percentage point. Wikipedia The acquit Encyclopedia. 5 February 2008. 9 February 2008.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ comprise_(theatre)Kostof, S. 1995. A business relationship of Architecture. The Oxford Press. 8 February 2008. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ lawcourtJianyi, H. 2003. kwai Dynasty Zaju. 8 February 2008. http//www.chinavoc.com/magicn/yzaj.aspHow to initialise a form Play. leger zeal junior Writers Program. 2007. 9 February 2008.http//ywp.scriptfrenzy.org/howtoformatastageplayHillard, K. 2002. performance of Stage Make Up. 9 February 2008.http//www.essortment.com/applicationstag_rgyu.htmCostume in the kwai Dynasty. ChinaCulture.org. 10 Feb ruary 2008. 10 February 2008.http//www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2003-09/24/content_28414.htmWilliams, B. 1997-1999. Stage release Design. Objectives of stage lighting. 11 February 2008http//www.mts.net/william5/sld/sld-100.htmStanley, A. 1995-1996. Shakespeare Examined through Performance. 11 February 2008http//www.tamut.edu/ face/folgerhp/Recipes/7cstply.htmlDunmore, S. 25 luxurious 1999. Simon Dunmores Advice on How to mount Rehearsals for a Play. 11 February 2008http//www.btinternet.com/simon.dunmore/rehearse.htmCampsall, S. 2008. Write a winning Play cause on the Audience. 12 February 2008http//www.englishbiz.co.uk/mainguides/play.htmSample Rehearsal Schedule. tupelo club Theatre. 13 February 2008.http//www.tctwebstage.com/schedule.htm